This research contributes to social movement framing theory about frame variation, along with the social problems literature on child protectionism. These campaigns focused their concern on gay men and trans women sharing space with children outside of parental control.
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Using historical data on anti-gay and anti-transgender initiatives, this study analyzes the timing of these stranger danger frames, which evoke children in public spaces threatened by racial, sexual, and gendered others, asserting the entry of these “others” into new spaces as a threat to the public body. Often these child protectionist frames are stranger danger frames, which I define as the potential harm to children by sharing space with strangers, or non-family members, without parental supervision. In the 2010s, these panics about transgender women in women’s bathrooms echoed across the country during debates on anti-trans “bathroom bills,” military policy, and school policies.įrames, or meaning work to define a social problem ( Benford and Snow 2000 Snow and Benford 1988), construct the potential consequences of social change, and child protectionist frames such as these assert the purported dangers to children. In 2013, protesters in San Antonio, Texas, carried signs that proclaimed “No Men in Girls' Bathrooms” as a protest against a transgender-inclusive municipal non-discrimination ordinance, asserting that transgender women would attack girls if allowed access to shared bathrooms. “Save Our Children from Homosexuality” was the appeal by Anita Bryant in 1977 that linked homosexuality with harm to children in the public imagination, focusing on gay men as teachers. I argue that challengers make the most overt, deleterious arguments about harm to children when new groups initially advocate for legal rights and access to new spaces as marginalized groups become more familiar and less “strange,” challengers make more covert claims about these groups, as stranger danger claims have waning cultural and political resonance. For both gay men and transgender women, these claims were most common at the start of rights advocacy. This paper is a content analysis of political flyers and messages developed by Religious Right campaigns at the state and municipal level between 19 these campaigns framed gay men and transgender woman as threats to children in classrooms and bathrooms. This study analyzes frame variation of the most deleterious child protectionist claims about stranger danger, assertions that the presence of racial, gender, and sexual others in public spaces will harm children. Specifically, for opponents to rights activism, frame variation can be reaction to the assertion of rights for new protagonists, specifically their entry into new spaces. I extend the theorizing on frames by arguing that frame variation can be a response to new agendas and goals of countermovements and opponents.
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